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Physics · Triple Science

Forces

Spec 4.5 Paper 2 📙 Higher

Subtopics

Scalar and Vector QuantitiesSpec 6.5.1.1Distinguish scalar and vector quantities and represent vectors with arrows. + Contact and Non-Contact ForcesSpec 6.5.1.2Classify forces as contact or non-contact and give examples of each. + GravitySpec 6.5.1.3Explain weight as gravitational force, distinguish mass from weight, and calculate using W = mg. + Resultant ForcesSpec 6.5.1.4Find the resultant of forces and relate it to the motion of an object. + Resolving Forces and Vector DiagramsSpec 6.5.1 (HT only)Resolve forces into components and use vector diagrams to find resultants. + Free Body DiagramsSpec 6.5.1 (HT only)Draw and interpret free body diagrams to represent the forces acting on an object. + Work Done and Energy TransferSpec 6.5.2Calculate work done by a force and understand it as energy transferred. + Forces and ElasticitySpec 6.5.3Apply Hooke's Law to springs and distinguish elastic from inelastic deformation. + Moments, Levers and GearsSpec 6.5.3 (physics only)Calculate moments, apply the principle of moments and describe levers and gears as force multipliers. + Pressure in a FluidSpec 6.5.5 (physics only)Calculate pressure in fluids, explain atmospheric pressure and describe pressure-depth relationships. + Upthrust and FloatingSpec 6.5.5.1.2 (HT only)Explain upthrust using pressure differences and apply Archimedes' principle to floating. + Distance, Speed and VelocitySpec 6.5.4.1.1–6.5.4.1.3Define and calculate distance, displacement, speed and velocity. + Distance–Time GraphsSpec 6.5.4.1.4Interpret distance–time graphs and calculate speed from the gradient. + AccelerationSpec 6.5.4.1.5Calculate acceleration and use velocity–time graphs to describe and analyse motion. + Newton's Laws of MotionSpec 6.5.4.2.1–6.5.4.2.3State and apply Newton's three laws of motion. + Stopping Distance and BrakingSpec 6.5.4.3Define stopping distance and explain factors affecting thinking distance and braking distance. + Motion in a CircleSpec 6.5.6 (HT only)Explain why circular motion involves constant speed but changing velocity, and identify the centripetal force. + MomentumSpec 6.5.5.1–6.5.5.2Define momentum, calculate it using p = mv and apply conservation of momentum to collisions. +

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Key Equations

W = mg

W = Fs

F = ke

Moment = Fd

p = F/A

s = vt

a = Δv/t

F = ma

p = mv

⭐ Higher Tier Content

p = F/A for fluids

Terminal velocity

Impulse = FΔt

🔬 Triple Science Extensions

Moments, levers and gears

Pressure in fluids and upthrust

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