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Biology · Triple Science

Inheritance, Variation and Evolution

Spec 4.6 Paper 2 📗 Foundation

Subtopics

Sexual and Asexual ReproductionSpec 4.6.1Compare sexual and asexual reproduction and explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction. + MeiosisSpec 4.6.1.2Describe meiosis, explain how it produces genetically varied gametes and why variation is important. + Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual and Asexual ReproductionSpec 4.6.1.3Compare sexual and asexual reproduction in terms of genetic variation, speed and energy cost. + DNA and the GenomeSpec 4.6.2Describe the structure of DNA, what genes are, and what the human genome project achieved. + DNA StructureSpec 4.6.2.1Describe the structure of DNA including the double helix, bases, and the complementary base pairing rule. + Genetic InheritanceSpec 4.6.3Explain dominant and recessive inheritance and use Punnett squares to predict offspring ratios. + Inherited DisordersSpec 4.6.3.2Describe cystic fibrosis and polydactyly as examples of inherited genetic disorders. + Sex DeterminationSpec 4.6.3.3Explain how biological sex is determined by the X and Y chromosomes. + VariationSpec 4.6.4Describe the causes of variation and distinguish between genetic, environmental and combination variation. + Evolution and Natural SelectionSpec 4.6.5Describe Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and explain how populations change over time. + Theory of EvolutionSpec 4.6.3.3Describe Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and the role of Wallace. + Selective BreedingSpec 4.6.6Describe how selective breeding works and its applications and disadvantages. + Genetic EngineeringSpec 4.6.7Describe genetic engineering — how it works, examples and ethical considerations. + CloningSpec 4.6.4Describe cloning methods in plants and animals and evaluate their advantages and disadvantages. + Evidence for EvolutionSpec 4.6.5Describe the main types of evidence that support the theory of evolution. + Mendel and the Development of GeneticsSpec 4.6.3.4Describe Mendel's work on inheritance and explain why his ideas were not accepted during his lifetime. + Fossils and ExtinctionSpec 4.6.5Describe how fossils form and explain why species become extinct. + Resistant BacteriaSpec 4.6.5Explain how antibiotic resistance develops through natural selection and why it is a global health threat. + Classification of Living OrganismsSpec 4.6.5Describe the Linnaean classification system and the three-domain system, and explain how evolutionary trees show relationships. +

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🔬 Triple Science Extensions

Protein synthesis — transcription and translation

Selective breeding

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