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Homeostasis and Response

Spec 4.5 Paper 2 📗 Foundation

Subtopics

HomeostasisSpec 4.5.1Define homeostasis and explain how negative feedback maintains a stable internal environment. + The Human Nervous SystemSpec 4.5.2Describe the structure and function of the nervous system, neurones and synapses. + Reflex ActionsSpec 4.5.2Describe reflex actions, the reflex arc and why reflexes are faster than voluntary responses. + ThermoregulationSpec 4.5.1Describe how the body maintains a constant core temperature of 37°C. + The Endocrine SystemSpec 4.5.3Describe the endocrine system, the main glands and hormones, and compare hormonal with nervous communication. + Blood Glucose Control and DiabetesSpec 4.5.3Describe how insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose, and explain Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. + Human Reproduction and HormonesSpec 4.5.4Describe puberty, the menstrual cycle and the hormones that control human reproduction. + Contraception and Fertility TreatmentSpec 4.5.4Describe methods of contraception and fertility treatments including IVF. + Reaction TimeSpec 4.5.2Describe how to measure reaction time and explain what affects it. + The BrainSpec 4.5.2.4Describe the structure of the brain, the functions of its main regions and how the brain is studied. + The EyeSpec 4.5.2.5Describe the structure of the eye and the function of each part. + Defects of the EyeSpec 4.5.2.6Describe the causes of long-sight and short-sight and how they are corrected. +

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Key Equations

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🔬 Triple Science Extensions

Thermoregulation detail

Kidney — ultrafiltration and reabsorption

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