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Chemistry · Combined Science

Chemical Changes

Spec 4.4 Paper 1 📙 Higher

Subtopics

Reactivity of Metals and Metal OxidesSpec 5.4.1.1–5.4.1.2Describe the reactivity series of metals and use it to predict reactions. + Extraction of Metals and ReductionSpec 5.4.1.3Explain how metals are extracted from their ores and how the method depends on reactivity. + Oxidation and ReductionSpec 5.4.1.4Define oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen gain/loss and use OIL RIG. + Reactions of Acids with Metals and BasesSpec 5.4.2.1–5.4.2.2Describe reactions of acids with metals, metal oxides, metal hydroxides and carbonates. + Making Salts and NeutralisationSpec 5.4.2.2–5.4.2.3Describe methods for making pure dry salts from acids and how neutralisation works. + The pH Scale and NeutralisationSpec 5.4.2.4Describe the pH scale, what it measures and how indicators are used. + The Process of ElectrolysisSpec 5.4.3.1Describe what electrolysis is, how it works and the key terms used. + Electrolysis of Molten Ionic CompoundsSpec 5.4.3.2Predict and explain the products of electrolysing molten ionic compounds. + Using Electrolysis to Extract MetalsSpec 5.4.3.3Describe how electrolysis is used to extract aluminium and purify copper. + Electrolysis of Aqueous SolutionsSpec 5.4.3.4Predict products of electrolysing aqueous solutions and explain why water adds complexity. + Strong and Weak AcidsSpec 5.4.2.5Distinguish between strong and weak acids in terms of ionisation and explain the difference in pH. + Half Equations for Electrode ReactionsSpec 5.4.3.5Write and balance half equations for oxidation and reduction at electrodes. +

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Key Equations

acid + metal → salt + hydrogen

acid + base → salt + water

acid + carbonate → salt + water + CO₂

⭐ Higher Tier Content

Half equations for electrolysis

Predicting products at electrodes

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